Introduction

Magnaporthe or Pyricularia?  (by Ning Zhang, 2 May 2012)

At the 2011 Melbourne International Botanical Congress, One Scientific Name for One Fungus was voted for.  According to the new Article 59, all legitimate fungal names are now treated equally for the purposes of establishing priority, regardless of the life history state of the type (The Melbourne Code should be out in the summer of 2012). 

The end of dual nomenclature for fungi will have major impact on pleomorphic species.  For Magnaporthaceae, an important question that has to be addressed is which genus name should be used for the rice blast fungus.  The rice blast fungus has Magnaporthe sexual state (teleomorph) and Pyricularia asexual state (anamorph).  

At the Amsterdam CBS “One Fungus, Which Name” symposium, the Sordariomycetes Taxonomy Discussion Group agreed that the following criteria should be considered when choosing between two generic name options:

·      Monophyly, phylogeny

·      Names in use in plant pathology, industry, etc.

·      Quarantine issues;

·      What morphology is most commonly encountered;

·      Stability;

·      Taxonomic clarity; genus name should be well defined;

·      Number of needed combinations/name changes

etc, etc.

A recently published 6-gene phylogeny (see figure attached) with selected taxa in the Magnaporthaceae indicates that the current concept of both Magnaporthe and Gaeumannomyces are polyphyletic.  Magnaporthe salvinii is the type species of Magnaporthe.  Pyricularia grisea and P. oryzae are older names than M. grisea and M. oryzae (please see the list for details on date and type information).  However, to minimize the name change for important pathogens and quarantine issues, we should consider conserving the Magnaporthe genus name for the rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae).

An option is to segregate Magnaporthe from Pyricularia and limit the usage of Magnaporthe only for the clade including M. oryzae and M. grisea. 

Alternatively, we will keep Magnaporthe for M. salvinii and use Pyricularia as the genus name for the rice blast fungus.

Other options?

Please feel free to post your comment/suggestion in this blog, which is created for Magnaporthaceae scientific community discussion purposes.  If you want to post your phylogeny or other information here, please send to me (zhang@aesop.rutgers.edu).

Evolution of Mode of Infection in the Rice Blast Fungus & Allied Species

Magnaporthe Names

Magnaporthe grisea (T.T. Hebert) M.E. Barr, Mycologia 69(5): 954 (1977)

Holotype: BPI 625033 (Oryza sp.)

Magnaporthe oryzae B.C. Couch, Mycologia 94(4): 692 (2002)

Holotype: BPI 841383 (Oryza sp.)

= Pyricularia oryzae Cavara, Fung. Long. Exsicc. 2: no. 49 (1892)

Holotype: Fungi Longobardiae #49 (Oryza sp.)

Magnaporthe poae Landsch. & N. Jacks., Mycol. Res. 93(1): 59 (1989)

Holotype: DAR 59044

Magnaporthe rhizophila D.B. Scott & Deacon, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 81(1): 77 (1983)

Holotype: PREM 45952

Magnaporthe salvinii (Catt.) R.A. Krause & R.K. Webster, Mycologia 64(1): 110 (1972)

≡ Leptosphaeria salvinii Catt., Arch. Labor. Bot. Critt. Univ. Pavia 2 & 3: 115-128. 1879.

= Nakataea sigmoidea (Cavara) Hara, Diseases Rice Plant, Edn 2: 185. 1939.

≡ Helminthosporium sigmoideum Cavara, Mat. Lomb.: 15. 1889.

= Sclerotium oryzae Catt., Arch. Triennale Lab. Bot. Crittog. 1: 10. 1877.

Pyricularia grisea Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 20. 1880.

Lectotype: North American Flora #374 (Digitaria sp.)

Magnaporthaceae Names

Buergenerula biseptata (Rostr.) Syd., Annls mycol. 34(4/5): 392 (1936)

Buergenerula caricis (R. Sprague) Arx, Revue Mycol., Paris 41(2): 265 (1977)

Buergenerula spartinae Kohlm. & R.V. Gessner, Can. J. Bot. 54(15): 1764 (1976)

Holotype: Herb. J.K. No.3498, NY, slide nos. 1-5 and dry specimen

Buergenerula thalictri (G. Winter) E. Müll., Sydowia 4(1-6): 307 (1950)

Buergenerula typhae (Fabre) Arx, Revue Mycol., Paris 41(2): 267 (1977)

Buergenerula zelandica McKenzie, Mycotaxon 42: 351 (1991)

Ceratosphaerella castillensis (C.L. Sm.) Huhndorf, Greif, Mugambi & A.N. Mill., Mycologia 100(6): 944 (2008)

Isotype: Central American Fungi 13

Ceratosphaerella rhizomorpha Huhndorf & Mugambi, Mycologia 100(6): 944 (2008)

Holotype: EA, Mugambi GK (GKM) 1262

Isotype: F, GKM 1262

Ceratosphaeria abietis Réblová, Sydowia 50(2): 236 (1998)

Holotype: PRM 842974

Ceratosphaeria aeruginosa var. aeruginosa Rehm

Ceratosphaeria aeruginosa var. minor Rehm

Ceratosphaeria aparaphysata Feltgen, Vorstud Pilzfl. Luxemb., Nachtr. III: 280 (1903)

Ceratosphaeria bicellula Panwar & S.J. Kaur, Kavaka 4: 77 (1977) [1976]

Ceratosphaeria caespitosa Lind & Vleugel, Svensk bot. Tidskr. 2(4): 365 (1908)

Ceratosphaeria caulivora Tehon, Mycologia 31(5): 542 (1939)

Holotype: Mycological Collection of the Illinois Natural History Survey (ILLS), Accession No.26978.

Ceratosphaeria cinerea (Quél.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 228 (1883)

Ceratosphaeria crinigera (Cooke) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 227 (1883)

Ceratosphaeria crossandrae K. Ramakr., Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Sect. B, 42: 251 (1955)

Ceratosphaeria emergens Rick, Brotéria, sér. bot. 2(4): 189 (1933)

Ceratosphaeria ervatamiicola A.K. Kar & Maity, Can. J. Bot. 48: 1300 (1970)

Ceratosphaeria fragilis Wilberf., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 88(1): 132 (1987)

Ceratosphaeria fuscella (P. Karst.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 228 (1883)

Ceratosphaeria grandis Boud., Bull. Soc. mycol. Fr. 18: 143 (1902)

Ceratosphaeria immersa G. Winter, Hedw.: 55 (1881)

Ceratosphaeria lampadophora (Berk. & Broome) Niessl, Verh. nat. Ver. Brünn 14: 43 (1876)

Ceratosphaeria lanuginosa Maire, Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 46: 232 (1930)

Ceratosphaeria luculenta Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Nizshie Rasteniya, Griby i Mokhoobraznye Dalnego Vostoka Rossii, Griby. Tom 4. Pirenomitsety i Lokuloaskomitsety (Sankt-Peterburg): 27 (1998)

Ceratosphaeria macrorhyncha Gaja,: 20 (1911)

Ceratosphaeria microdoma Ellis & Everh., (1892)

Ceratosphaeria microspora Pat. Bull. Soc. Myc.: 131 (1892)

Ceratosphaeria moravica Petr., Annls mycol. 21(3/4): 249 (1923)

Ceratosphaeria obliquata Feltgen, Vorstud Pilzfl. Luxemb., Nachtr. II: 213 (1901)

Ceratosphaeria ordinata (Fr.) Kirschst., Krypt.-Fl. Brandenburg (Leipzig) 7(2): 210 (1911)

Ceratosphaeria phialidica (Shearer) Huhndorf, Greif, Mugambi & A.N. Mill., Mycologia 100(6): 945 (2008)

≡ Pseudohalonectria phialidica Shearer, Can. J. Bot. 67(7): 1950 (1989)

Holotype: NY, CS-719-1

Ceratosphaeria philippinarum Rehm, Philipp. J. Sci., C, Bot. 8(2): 186 (1913)

Ceratosphaeria phyllostachydis S. Zhang, Journal of Nanjing Technological College of Forest Products, no. 1: 157 (1982)

Ceratosphaeria pruni Popuschoj Infekts. Zabolevaniya kul’turn. Rast. Moldav., Kishinev 2;83 (1963)

Ceratosphaeria pusilla (Fuckel) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 227 (1883)

Ceratosphaeria quadrinucleata Kirschst., Annls mycol. 37(1/2): 95 (1939)

Ceratosphaeria rostrata (J. Kickx f.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 227 (1883)

Ceratosphaeria sarawacensis (Ces.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 229 (1883)

Ceratosphaeria silva-nigra (Penz. & Sacc.) Teng, Sinensia, Shanghai 11: 105 (1940)

Ceratosphaeria spermogonioides Syd.{?}

Ceratosphaeria subferruginea (Fuckel) Munk, Dansk bot. Ark. 15(no. 2): 69 (1953)

Ceratosphaeria subiculosa Sacc., Bulletino dell'orto Botanico della R. Universitá di Napoli 6: 46 (1921)

Clasterosphaeria cyperi Sivan., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 83(4): 710 (1984)

= Clasterosporium cyperi M.B. Ellis, Mycol. Pap. 70: 6 (1958)

Holotype: IMI 56878

Clasterosphaeria indica Hosag. & Manojk., in Hosagoudar, (2004)

Holotype: Herbarium Crytogamae Indiae Orientalis, New Delhi, India (HCIO) 44696

Isotype: Tropical Botanic Garden (TBGT) 977

= Clasterosporium flagellatum (Syd. & P. Syd.) M.B. Ellis, Mycol. Pap. 70: 5 (1958)

Clavatisporella musicola K.D. Hyde, Mycotaxon 55: 276 (1995)

Holotype: Queensland Plant Pathology Herbarium, Queensland, Australia (BRIP) 22403

Gaeumannomyces amomi Bussaban, Lumyong, P. Lumyong, McKenzie & K.D. Hyde, in Bussaban, Lumyong, Lumyong, Hyde & McKenzie, Nova Hedwigia 73(3-4): 488 (2001)

Holotype: Biotechnology Culture Collection, Klong Luang, Thailand (BCC) 4066

Gaeumannomyces caricis J. Walker, Mycotaxon 11(1): 23 (1980)

≡ Gaeumannomyces eucryptus (Berk. & Broome) Schrantz, Bull. trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 76(4): 336 (1961)

Gaeumannomyces cylindrosporus D. Hornby, Slope, Gutter. & Sivan., Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 69(1): 21 (1977)

= Phialophora radicicola var. graminicola Deacon, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 63(2): 322 (1974)

≡ Harpophora graminicola (Deacon) W. Gams, Stud. Mycol. 45: 192 (2000)

Gaeumannomyces graminis var. avenae (E.M. Turner) Dennis, British Cup Fungi & their Allies: 202 (1960)

= Gaeumannomyces cariceti (Berk. & Broome) Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Nizshie Rasteniya, Griby i Mokhoobraznye Dalnego Vostoka Rossii, Griby. Tom 4. Pirenomitsety i Lokuloaskomitsety (Sankt-Peterburg): 146 (1998)

Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis (Sacc.) Arx & D.L. Olivier, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 35(1): 32 (1952)

Holotype: DAR 21032

Gaeumannomyces graminis var. maydis J.M. Yao, Yong C. Wang & Y.G. Zhu, Acta Mycol. Sin. 11(2): 99 (1992)

Holotype: Fungal Herbarium, Shenyang Agricultural University (MHSAU) 3805

Paratype: MHSAU 3807

Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici J. Walker, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 58(3): 439 (1972)

Holotype: DAR 17916

Gaeumannomyces incrustans Landsch. & N. Jacks., Mycol. Res. 93(1): 55 (1989)

Holotype: DAR 59042

Gaeumannomyces licualae J. Fröhl. & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity Res. Ser. (Hong Kong) 3: 257 (2000)

Holotype: HKU (M), Fröhlich LI57

Gaeumannomyces medullaris Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss., Mycologia 87(4): 540 (1995)

Holotype: Institute of Marine Sciences Herbarium, North Carolina, US (IMS), Kohlmeyer J (JK) 5528

Isotype: Umeå University Herbariet, Umeå, SE, (UME) 5528

= Trichocladium medullare Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., Mycotaxon 53: 349 (1995)

Holotype: IMS, JK 5523

Gaeumannomyces mirabilis (I. Hino & Katum.) Lar.N. Vassiljeva, Nizshie Rasteniya, Griby i Mokhoobraznye Dalnego Vostoka Rossii, Griby. Tom 4. Pirenomitsety i Lokuloaskomitsety (Sankt-Peterburg): 147 (1998)

Gaeumannomyces wongoonoo P. Wong, Mycol. Res. 106(7): 861 (2002)

Holotype: DAR 75571

Harpophora maydis (Samra, Sabet & Hing.) W. Gams, Stud. Mycol. 45: 192 (2000)

≡ Cephalosporium maydis Samra, Sabet & Hing., Phytopathology 53: 404 (1963)

Harpophora oryzae Z.L. Yuan, Chu L. Zhang & F.C. Lin, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 307(1): 96 (2010)

Holotype: CBS 125863, CGMCC 2737

Harpophora radicicola (Cain) W. Gams, Stud. Mycol. 45: 192 (2000)

≡ Phialophora radicicola Cain (1952)

Holotype: Royal Ontario Museum Green Plant Herbarium, Toronto, CA (TRT) 23660

Harpophora zeicola (Deacon & D.B. Scott) W. Gams, Stud. Mycol. 45: 192 (2000)

≡ Phialophora zeicola Deacon & D.B. Scott (1983)

Holotype: PREM 45754

Herbampulla crassirostris Scheuer & Nograsek, Mycotaxon 47: 419 (1993)

Holotype: Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Herbarium, Graz, AU, (GZU), Mayrhofer H, 9 Jul. (1982)

Juncigena adarca Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss., Bot. Mar. 40(4): 291 (1997)

Holotype: IMS, Kohlmeyer 5543

Cirrenalia adarca Kohlm., Volkm.-Kohlm. & O.E. Erikss., Bot. Mar. 40(4): 292 (1997)

Holotype: IMS, Kohlmeyer 5548

Magnaporthe grisea (T.T. Hebert) M.E. Barr, Mycologia 69(5): 954 (1977)

Holotype: BPI 625033 (Oryza sp.)

Magnaporthe oryzae B.C. Couch, Mycologia 94(4): 692 (2002)

Holotype: BPI 841383 (Oryza sp.)

= Pyricularia oryzae Cavara, Fung. Long. Exsicc. 2: no. 49 (1892)

Holotype: Fungi Longobardiae #49 (Oryza sp.)

Magnaporthe poae Landsch. & N. Jacks., Mycol. Res. 93(1): 59 (1989)

Holotype: DAR 59044

Magnaporthe rhizophila D.B. Scott & Deacon, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 81(1): 77 (1983)

Holotype: PREM 45952

Magnaporthe salvinii (Catt.) R.A. Krause & R.K. Webster, Mycologia 64(1): 110 (1972)

≡ Leptosphaeria salvinii Catt., Arch. Labor. Bot. Critt. Univ. Pavia 2 & 3: 115-128. (1879)

= Nakataea sigmoidea (Cavara) Hara, Diseases Rice Plant, Edn 2: 185 (1939)

≡ Helminthosporium sigmoideum Cavara, Mat. Lomb.: 15 (1889)

= Sclerotium oryzae Catt., Arch. Triennale Lab. Bot. Crittog. 1: 10 (1877)

Muraeriata africana Huhndorf & Mugambi, Mycologia 100(6): 948 (2008)

Holotype: EA, Mugambi GK (GKM) 1084

Isotype: F, GKM 1084

Muraeriata collapsa Huhndorf, Greif, Mugambi & A.N. Mill., Mycologia 100(6): 949 (2008)

Holotype: USJ, Huhndorf SM (SMH) 4553

Isotype: F, SMH 4553

Omnidemptus affinis P.F. Cannon & Alcorn, Mycotaxon 51: 483 (1994)

Holotype: BRIP 17195

= Mycoleptodiscus affinis Alcorn & P.F. Cannon, in Cannon & Alcorn, Mycotaxon 51: 485 (1994)

Holotype: BRIP 17195

Ophioceras arcuatisporum Shearer, J.L. Crane & W. Chen, Mycologia 91(1): 146 (1999)

Holotype: The Illinois Natural History Survey Herbarium, Campaign, US (ILLS), A-167-1

Ophioceras bacillatum (Cooke) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 359 (1883)

Ophioceras bambusae Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 118: 337 [63 repr.] (1909)

Ophioceras boukokoense Saccas, Étude de la Flore Cryptogamique des Caféirs en Afrique Centrale, (Bulletin IFCC 16) 16: 333 (1981)

Ophioceras cecropiae E. Müll., (1965)

Ophioceras chiangdaoense Thongk., Lumyong & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 34: 160 (2009)

Holotype: Chiang Mai University Herbarium, Chiang Mai, Thailand (CMU) 26633

Ophioceras coffeae Saccas, Étude de la Flore Cryptogamique des Caféirs en Afrique Centrale, (Bulletin IFCC 16) 16: 336 (1981)

Ophioceras commune Shearer, J.L. Crane & W. Chen, Mycologia 91(1): 146 (1999)

Holotype: ILLS, Shearer 408-2

Ophioceras corni Richon, (1885)

Ophioceras dolichostomum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 358 (1883)

Isotype: NY, Fungi Cubenses wrightiani, no. 856

Ophioceras filiforme (Henn.) Höhn., Sber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-naturw. Kl., Abt. 1 120: 432 [54 repr.] (1911)

Ophioceras friesii (Mont.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 359 (1883)

Ophioceras fusiforme Shearer, J.L. Crane & W. Chen, Mycologia 91(1): 149 (1999)

Holotype: ILLS, CS-837-1

Ophioceras guttulatum K.M. Tsui, H.Y.M. Leung, K.D. Hyde & Hodgkiss, Mycoscience 42(4): 321 (2001)

Holotype: The Hong Kong University Herbarium, Hong Kong (HKUM) 12171

Ophioceras hongkongense K.M. Tsui, H.Y.M. Leung, K.D. Hyde & Hodgkiss, Mycoscience 42(4): 322 (2001)

Holotype: HKUM 12226

Ophioceras hyptidis Henn., Hedwigia 34: 108 (1895)

Ophioceras hystrix (Ces.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 359 (1883)

Ophioceras hystrix subsp. hystrix (Ces.) Sacc., (1883)

Ophioceras hystrix subsp. tjibodense Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11: 409 (1897)

Ophioceras leptosporum (S.H. Iqbal) J. Walker, Mycotaxon 11(1): 62 (1980)

≡ Gaeumannomyces leptosporus S.H. Iqbal, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 58(2): 346 (1972)

Ophioceras longisporum (Ellis) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 360 (1883)

Ophioceras macrocarpum (Sacc.) Sacc., (1883)

Ophioceras majusculum Penz. & Sacc., Malpighia 11: 409 (1897)

Ophioceras miyazakiense Matsush., Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 10: 159 (2003) [2001]

Holotype: MFC 21084

Ophioceras ohiense Ellis & Everh., N. Amer. Pyren. (Newfield): 198 (1892)

Ophioceras palmae K.M. Tsui, H.Y.M. Leung, K.D. Hyde & Hodgkiss, Mycoscience 42(4): 322 (2001)

Holotype: HKUM 2441

Ophioceras parasiticum Teng, Sinensia, Shanghai 4(12): 370 (1934)

Ophioceras petrakii Tilak, S.B. Kale & S.V.S. Kale, Sydowia 23(1-6): 17 (1970) [1969]

Ophioceras sambuci Pass.

Ophioceras sorghi Saccas, Agronomía trop. 9: 285 (1954)

Ophioceras tambopataense Matsush., Matsush. Mycol. Mem. 10: 163 (2003) [2001]

Holotype: Matsushima Fungus Collection, Kobe, Japan (MFC) 1P459

= Phialophora cf. radicicola

≡ Harpophora cf. radicicola

Ophioceras tenuisporum Shearer, J.L. Crane & W. Chen, Mycologia 91(1): 149 (1999)

Holotype: ILLS, CS-652-1

Ophioceras therryanum (Sacc. & Roum.) Sacc., Syll. fung. (Abellini) 2: 360 (1883)

Ophioceras tjibodense Penz. & Sacc.

Ophioceras venezuelense Shearer, J.L. Crane & W. Chen, Mycologia 91(1): 151 (1999)

Holotype: ILLS, A-109-1

Ophioceras zeae Saccas, 30: 186 (1951)

Pseudohalonectria adversaria Shearer, Can. J. Bot. 67(7): 1945 (1989)

Holotype: NY, CS-603-1

Pseudohalonectria aomoriensis Yas. Ono & Tak. Kobay., Mycoscience 42(5): 440 (2001)

Holotype: TNS F-2349

Pseudohalonectria eubenangeensis K.D. Hyde, Joanne E. Taylor & J. Fröhl., Mycologia 91(3): 520 (1999)

Holotype: HKUM 3785

Pseudohalonectria falcata Shearer, Can. J. Bot. 67(7): 1945 (1989)

Holotype: NY, CS-617-2

Pseudohalonectria fuxianii L. Cai, K.M. Tsui, K.Q. Zhang & K.D. Hyde, Fungal Diversity 9: 63 (2002)

Holotype: HKUM 16126

Pseudohalonectria halophila Kohlm. & Volkm.-Kohlm., in Kohlmeyer, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer & Tsui, Bot. Mar. 48(4): 310 (2005)

Holotype: IMS, Kohlmeyer 5761

Pseudohalonectria lignicola Minoura & T. Muroi, Trans. Mycol. Soc. Japan 19(2): 132 (1978)

Pseudohalonectria longirostrum Shearer, Can. J. Bot. 67(7): 1946 (1989)

Holotype: NY, CS-656-1

Pseudohalonectria lutea Shearer, Can. J. Bot. 67(7): 1950 (1989)

Holotype: NY, CS-744-1A

Isotype: NY, CS-744-1B-D

Pseudohalonectria miscanthicola Shenoy, Jeewon & K.D. Hyde, Cryptog. Mycol. 26(2): 125 (2005)

Pseudohalonectria palmicola K.D. Hyde, Joanne E. Taylor & J. Fröhl., Mycologia 91(3): 522 (1999)

Holotype: HKUM JF640

Pseudohalonectria suthepensis Promp., in Promputtha, Lumyong, Lumyong, McKenzie & Hyde, Cryptog. Mycol. 25(1): 44 (2004)

Holotype: PDD 76762

Pseudohalonectria tayloriae K.D. Hyde & J. Fröhl. [as 'taylorii'], Cryptog. Mycol. 24(1): 18 (2003)

Holotype: HKUM 2642

Pyricularia grisea Sacc., Michelia 2(no. 6): 20 (1880).

Lectotype: North American Flora #374 (Digitaria sp.)